Certificates of Confidentiality (CoC) are issued by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to safeguard the privacy of research participants by protecting identifiable sensitive research information from forced disclosure. CoCs allow investigators and others who have access to research records to refuse to disclose identifying information in any civil, criminal, administrative, legislative, or other proceeding, whether at the federal, state, or local level. CoCs can be used for biomedical, behavioral, clinical, or other types of research that is sensitive and could adversely affect or damage an individual's financial standing, employability, insurability, or reputation.